West-Saxon ylda recension

A critical reconstruction of the idealised recension archetype (after emendation)

Based on H with collations from Bd (parallel view only), Ln, Mg, SanM, Tr1, W.

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Poem

    Nu ƿe sculon herian      heofonrices ƿeard,

    metudes myhte,      ond his modgeþanc,

    ƿurc ƿuldorfæder      sƿa[1] he ƿundra gehƿilc[2],

    ece drihten,      ord astealde!

5     He ærest gescop      ylda bearnum

    heofon to hrofe,      halig scyppend[;]

    [þa] middangeard[3],      mancynnes ƿeard,

    ece drihten[,]      æfter t[eo]d[e][4]

    firum on fold[an][5],      frea ælmihtig[.]


Apparatus (All witness readings (analytic))

1a Nu] {([Nu H Nu W Nu Mg Nu Ln Nu| Tr1 Nu SanM])}.

1a ƿe] {([ƿe H ƿe W ƿe Mg ƿe Ln])([pe Tr1 pe SanM])}.

1a sculon] {([sculon H sculon W sculon Mg sculon SanM][sculun Ln][sceolon Tr1])}.

1a herian] {([herıan H herıan|herı W herıan Mg herıan Ln herıan SanM][herıon Tr1])}.

1b heofonrices] {([heofon rıces H heofon rıces W heofon|rıces Mg heofon rıces Ln heofon|rıces SanM][heofenrıces· Tr1])}.

1b ƿeard] {([ƿeard· H ƿe[ard]| W ƿeard· Mg ƿeard· Ln])([peard· Tr1 peard· SanM])}.

2a metudes] {([metudes H metudes Mg metudes Ln metudes Tr1][metoddes W])([mecudes SanM])}.

2a myhte] {([myhte· H][mıhte W mıhte·| Mg mıhte| Tr1 míhte| SanM][mıchte· Ln])}.

2b ond] {([ H W Mg Ln Tr1])([ æ SanM])}.

2b his] {([hıs H h[ıs]| W hıs Mg hıs Ln hıs Tr1 hıs SanM])}.

2b modgeþanc] {([mod ge þanc| H mod ge þanc W mod ge þanc· Mg modt{g}e þanc· Ln modgeþanc· Tr1 mod ge þanc SanM])}.

3a ƿurc] {([ƿeorc W ƿeorc| Ln][ƿurc H ƿurc| Mg])([peorc Tr1])([pure| SanM])}.

3a ƿuldorfæder] {([ƿu[l]|dor fæder W ƿuldor fæder· Mg ƿuldor fæder· Ln][ƿuldu{a}r fæder· H])([puldor· fæder SanM][puldor feder· Tr1])}.

3b sƿa] {([sƿa H sƿa W sƿa Mg sƿa Ln])([spa Tr1 spa SanM])}.

3b he] {([he H he W he Mg he Ln he Tr1 he SanM])}.

3b ƿundra] {([ƿundra H ƿu[n]|dra W ƿun|dra Mg ƿundra Ln])([pundra| Tr1])([pnn|dra· SanM])}.

3b gehƿilc] {([ge hƿılc H ge hƿılc W ge hƿılc Mg][ge hƿylc· Ln])([ge hpılc· SanM][gehpylc· Tr1])}.

4a ece] {([ece H ece W ece Mg ece Tr1][eche Ln][ecce SanM])}.

4a drihten] {([drıhten H drıh[ten]| W drıhten| Mg drıhten Ln drıhten Tr1])([drıdhten| SanM])}.

4b ord] {([ord H ord Mg ord Ln ord Tr1 ord SanM])}{([ƿord W])}.

4b astealde] {([astealde· H astealde W a stealde· Ln astealde· Tr1][astalde· Mg])([astald SanM])}.

5a He] {([He| H he W He Mg He Ln he SanM])}{([Hu Tr1])}.

5a ærest] {([ærest H ærest Mg ærest SanM][[æ]|ræst W][ærust Ln][erust Tr1])}.

5a gescop] {([ge scop· W ge|scop Mg ge scop| Ln gescop·| Tr1][ge sceop H])([ge stop| SanM])}.

5b ylda] {([ylda H ylda W ylda Mg ylda Ln ylda Tr1 ylda SanM])}.

5b bearnum] {([bearnum Mg bearnum· Ln bearnum· Tr1 bearnum· SanM][bearnū H [bear]|nū W])}.

6a heofon] {([heofon H heofe\o/n W heofon| Mg heofon Ln heofon Tr1 heofon SanM])}.

6a to] {([to H to W to Mg to Ln to Tr1 to SanM])}.

6a hrofe] {([hrofe· H hrofe· Ln][rofe W rofe· Mg rofe| SanM])([hrope· Tr1])}.

6b halig] {([halıg H [halıg]| W halıg Mg halıg Ln halıg Tr1 halıg SanM])}.

6b scyppend] {([scyppend H scyppend·| Mg scyppend· Ln scyppend Tr1][scıppend W])([styppend SanM])}.

7a [þa] middangeard] {([mıddan gearde| H mıddan gearde Mg mıddan gearde| Ln mıddan|gearde Tr1][mıddan ear[de]| W][myddan ge|arde SanM])}.

7b mancynnes] {([man cynnes H mancynnes| Mg][mann cynnes W][mankynnes Ln mankynnes Tr1])([mancımes SanM])}.

7b ƿeard] {([ƿeard H ƿeard| W ƿeard Mg ƿearde{:} Ln])([peard· Tr1])([pærd SanM])}.

8a ece] {([éce H ece W ece Mg ece Tr1][eche Ln][ecce| SanM])}.

8a drihten] {([drıhten· H drıhten W drıhten· Mg drıhten Ln drıhten· Tr1 drıhten· SanM])}.

8b æfter] {([Æfter H æfter W æfter| Mg Æfter Ln][After SanM])([epter Tr1])}.

8b t[eo]d[e]] {([tıda H tıd[a]| W tıda Mg tıda Ln tıda Tr1 tıda SanM])}.

9a firum] {([fırum H fırum Mg fırum Ln fírum| SanM][fyrum W])([pırum| Tr1])}.

9a on] {([on H on W on Mg on Ln on Tr1 on SanM])}.

9a fold[an]] {([foldum H foldum| W foldum| Mg foldum| Ln foldum SanM])([poldum Tr1])}.

9b frea] {([frea H frea o{:} W frea Mg frea Ln frea SanM])}{([euca Tr1])}.

9b ælmihtig] {([ælmıhtıg·| Mg ælmıhtıg·| Ln][ælmyhtıg| H][ealmıhtı·| W][elııııhtıg· Tr1])}{([ælmíhtes| SanM])}.


Notes

[1]sƿa] Howlett suggests that sƿa may be intended as an adverb (“thus”) rather than a causal conjunction (“as, because”). For a discussion of the evidence, see above, § C.9. The punctuation here assumes sƿa is a conjunction.

[2]gehƿilc] gehƿilc is being used here as an independent accusative singular neuter noun, “each”: ƿundra gehƿilc, “each of wonders.” See Bosworth and Toller [1898] 1972, supplement gehwilc I.1(a); Mitchell 1985a, § 467. With one exception (B1 fela), all other witnesses to all other recensions of the Hymn have a variant of gehƿæs.

[3][þa] middangeard] middangearde is the reading of all surviving manuscripts of the West-Saxon ylda recension. It is presumably dative singular used to indicate place where, “on (middle-)earth.” Mitchell describes this as a “rare” usage (Mitchell 1985a, § 1416). He gives examples from Bede, the Seafarer, and Boethius. With one exception (B1 þe middangeard), all other versions of Cædmon’s Hymn read þa middangeard. See above, § 7.48.

[4]t[eo]d[e]] All witnesses to the West-Saxon ylda recension read tida, “of times” (?), here. The form is nonsensical in a context in which a third person singular verb is required. With the exception of a probable error in N (eode, “went”) and a certain graphic error in the late and continental Br (cia de), all witnesses to all other recensions of Cædmon’s Hymn have the expected third person singular of tēon, “furnish.” See also § 6.53, above.

[5]fold[an]] All witnesses to the West-Saxon ylda recension have the dative plural here (foldum). While it may be possible to make sense of the form (on foldum, “among the nations”—see Bosworth and Toller [1898] 1972, folde and on I.7), no other examples of on with the dative plural of folde are found in Old English (Healey et al. 1994). All other recensions of Cædmon’s Hymn have an accusative singular, either by itself or with on: on foldu (Northumbrian eordu recension), foldu (Northumbrian aelda recension), foldan (early members of the West-Saxon eorðan recension), and on folden (West-Saxon eorðe recension). See also above, § 6.52.